我们提供了奖励黑客的第一个正式定义，即优化不完美的代理奖励功能的现象，$ \ Mathcal {\ tilde {r}} $，根据真实的奖励功能，$ \ MATHCAL {R} $导致性能差。 。我们说，如果增加预期的代理回报率永远无法减少预期的真实回报，则代理是不可接受的。直觉上，可以通过从奖励功能（使其“较窄”）中留出一些术语或忽略大致等效的结果之间的细粒度区分来创建一个不可接受的代理，但是我们表明情况通常不是这样。一个关键的见解是，奖励的线性性（在州行动访问计数中）使得无法实现的状况非常强烈。特别是，对于所有随机策略的集合，只有在其中一个是恒定的，只有两个奖励函数才能是不可接受的。因此，我们将注意力转移到确定性的政策和有限的随机政策集中，在这些策略中，始终存在非平凡的不可动摇的对，并为简化的存在建立必要和充分的条件，这是一个重要的不被限制的特殊情况。我们的结果揭示了使用奖励函数指定狭窄任务和对齐人类价值的AI系统之间的紧张关系。

Three main points: 1. Data Science (DS) will be increasingly important to heliophysics; 2. Methods of heliophysics science discovery will continually evolve, requiring the use of learning technologies [e.g., machine learning (ML)] that are applied rigorously and that are capable of supporting discovery; and 3. To grow with the pace of data, technology, and workforce changes, heliophysics requires a new approach to the representation of knowledge.

We describe a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) that simulates the flow induced by the astronomical tide in a synthetic port channel, with dimensions based on the Santos - S\~ao Vicente - Bertioga Estuarine System. PINN models aim to combine the knowledge of physical systems and data-driven machine learning models. This is done by training a neural network to minimize the residuals of the governing equations in sample points. In this work, our flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations with some approximations. There are two main novelties in this paper. First, we design our model to assume that the flow is periodic in time, which is not feasible in conventional simulation methods. Second, we evaluate the benefit of resampling the function evaluation points during training, which has a near zero computational cost and has been verified to improve the final model, especially for small batch sizes. Finally, we discuss some limitations of the approximations used in the Navier-Stokes equations regarding the modeling of turbulence and how it interacts with PINNs.

Comparing representations of complex stimuli in neural network layers to human brain representations or behavioral judgments can guide model development. However, even qualitatively distinct neural network models often predict similar representational geometries of typical stimulus sets. We propose a Bayesian experimental design approach to synthesizing stimulus sets for adjudicating among representational models efficiently. We apply our method to discriminate among candidate neural network models of behavioral face dissimilarity judgments. Our results indicate that a neural network trained to invert a 3D-face-model graphics renderer is more human-aligned than the same architecture trained on identification, classification, or autoencoding. Our proposed stimulus synthesis objective is generally applicable to designing experiments to be analyzed by representational similarity analysis for model comparison.

The selection of an optimal pacing site, which is ideally scar-free and late activated, is critical to the response of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Despite the success of current approaches formulating the detection of such late mechanical activation (LMA) regions as a problem of activation time regression, their accuracy remains unsatisfactory, particularly in cases where myocardial scar exists. To address this issue, this paper introduces a multi-task deep learning framework that simultaneously estimates LMA amount and classify the scar-free LMA regions based on cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With a newly introduced auxiliary LMA region classification sub-network, our proposed model shows more robustness to the complex pattern cause by myocardial scar, significantly eliminates their negative effects in LMA detection, and in turn improves the performance of scar classification. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we tests our model on real cardiac MR images and compare the predicted LMA with the state-of-the-art approaches. It shows that our approach achieves substantially increased accuracy. In addition, we employ the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) to visualize the feature maps learned by all methods. Experimental results suggest that our proposed model better recognizes the LMA region pattern.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is having a tremendous impact across most areas of science. Applications of AI in healthcare have the potential to improve our ability to detect, diagnose, prognose, and intervene on human disease. For AI models to be used clinically, they need to be made safe, reproducible and robust, and the underlying software framework must be aware of the particularities (e.g. geometry, physiology, physics) of medical data being processed. This work introduces MONAI, a freely available, community-supported, and consortium-led PyTorch-based framework for deep learning in healthcare. MONAI extends PyTorch to support medical data, with a particular focus on imaging, and provide purpose-specific AI model architectures, transformations and utilities that streamline the development and deployment of medical AI models. MONAI follows best practices for software-development, providing an easy-to-use, robust, well-documented, and well-tested software framework. MONAI preserves the simple, additive, and compositional approach of its underlying PyTorch libraries. MONAI is being used by and receiving contributions from research, clinical and industrial teams from around the world, who are pursuing applications spanning nearly every aspect of healthcare.

深入强化学习（DRL）用于开发自主优化和定制设计的热处理过程，这些过程既对微观结构敏感又节能。与常规监督的机器学习不同，DRL不仅依赖于数据中的静态神经网络培训，但是学习代理人会根据奖励和惩罚元素自主开发最佳解决方案，并减少或没有监督。在我们的方法中，依赖温度的艾伦 - 卡恩模型用于相转换，用作DRL代理的环境，是其获得经验并采取自主决策的模型世界。 DRL算法的试剂正在控制系统的温度，作为用于合金热处理的模型炉。根据所需的相位微观结构为代理定义了微观结构目标。训练后，代理可以为各种初始微观结构状态生成温度时间曲线，以达到最终所需的微观结构状态。详细研究了代理商的性能和热处理概况的物理含义。特别是，该试剂能够控制温度以从各种初始条件开始达到所需的微观结构。代理在处理各种条件方面的这种能力为使用这种方法铺平了道路，也用于回收的导向热处理过程设计，由于杂质的侵入，初始组合物可能因批量而异，以及用于设计节能热处理。为了检验这一假设，将无罚款的代理人与考虑能源成本的代理人进行了比较。对能源成本的罚款是针对找到最佳温度时间剖面的代理的附加标准。

现有的数据驱动和反馈流量控制策略不考虑实时数据测量的异质性。此外，对于缺乏数据效率，传统的加固学习方法（RL）方法通常会缓慢收敛。此外，常规的最佳外围控制方案需要对系统动力学的精确了解，因此对内源性不确定性会很脆弱。为了应对这些挑战，这项工作提出了一种基于不可或缺的增强学习（IRL）的方法来学习宏观交通动态，以进行自适应最佳周边控制。这项工作为运输文献做出了以下主要贡献：（a）开发连续的时间控制，并具有离散增益更新以适应离散时间传感器数据。 （b）为了降低采样复杂性并更有效地使用可用数据，将体验重播（ER）技术引入IRL算法。 （c）所提出的方法以“无模型”方式放松模型校准的要求，该方式可以稳健地进行建模不确定性，并通过数据驱动的RL算法增强实时性能。 （d）通过Lyapunov理论证明了基于IRL的算法和受控交通动力学的稳定性的收敛性。最佳控制定律被参数化，然后通过神经网络（NN）近似，从而缓解计算复杂性。在不需要模型线性化的同时，考虑了状态和输入约束。提出了数值示例和仿真实验，以验证所提出方法的有效性和效率。

ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列，该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战，这是由于探测器的几何形状，不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收，并且低于100 GEV的光，每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战，可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形，并将图形神经网络（GNN）作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开，对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类，并重建沉积的能量，方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真，我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术，包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类，与当前的IceCube方法相比，GNN以固定的假阳性速率（FPR）提高了信号效率的18％。另外，GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8（低于半百分比）。对于能源，方向和相互作用顶点的重建，与当前最大似然技术相比，分辨率平均提高了13％-20％。当在GPU上运行时，GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件，这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。